The top of co2_tonnes_per_capita is 1.3× the 99th percentile

co2_tonnes_per_capita on world-indicators: p99 is 11.50 and the max is 15.49.

The max is 1.3× the 99th percentile and 4.4 standard deviations above the mean. The median is 2.80, so the top of this column lives in a different regime from the middle of it.

select *
from world_indicators
order by co2_tonnes_per_capita desc
limit 20;

Run that before deciding anything. There are three things an extreme value can be, and they need opposite treatment: a data error, a real but rare event, or a different population that got mixed into the same table. Only the first is safe to drop, and you cannot tell them apart from the summary statistics — you have to look at the rows.

A ratio this modest is consistent with an ordinary heavy tail — nothing anomalous, just a distribution that is not symmetric.

Clipping at the 99th percentile is a decision to discard your most interesting rows. Sometimes right. Never automatic, and never silent — if a number in a report was computed on clipped data, the report has to say so.