dep_delay_min by dest: a 38% spread

Breaking dep_delay_min down by dest on flight-delays, because the headline average is 10 and no segment is actually there.

• MCO — mean 11, median 5 (573 rows)
• DFW — mean 11, median 5 (569 rows)
• ORD — mean 11, median 6 (550 rows)
• JFK — mean 11, median 5 (585 rows)
• SFO — mean 11, median 6 (601 rows)
• IAH — mean 10, median 5 (578 rows)

Top to bottom that is 11 against 8, a spread of 38.4%. The pooled average is 10.

select dest,
  count(*)                                                   as rows,
  round(avg(dep_delay_min)::numeric, 2)                      as mean,
  percentile_cont(0.5) within group (order by dep_delay_min) as median
from flight_delays
group by 1
order by mean desc;

The groups are close enough that the pooled average is a fair summary. That is worth confirming rather than assuming: the check costs one query and the failure mode is invisible.

Notice the mean and median columns disagree most in MCO, where the mean sits well above the median. Always compute both in the group-by. The comparison between them per segment is free and tells you whether you are looking at a level difference or a tail difference.

This is the setup for Simpson's paradox — the case where every segment moves one way and the total moves the other.