age by arm: a 1% spread

Breaking age down by arm on clinical-trial, because the headline average is 53 and no segment is actually there.

• placebo — mean 54, median 53 (450 rows)
• treatment — mean 53, median 53 (450 rows)

Top to bottom that is 54 against 53, a spread of 1.2%. The pooled average is 53.

select arm,
  count(*)                                         as rows,
  round(avg(age)::numeric, 2)                      as mean,
  percentile_cont(0.5) within group (order by age) as median
from clinical_trial
group by 1
order by mean desc;

The groups are close enough that the pooled average is a fair summary. That is worth confirming rather than assuming: the check costs one query and the failure mode is invisible.

Notice the mean and median columns disagree only slightly here. Always compute both in the group-by. The comparison between them per segment is free and tells you whether you are looking at a level difference or a tail difference.

This is the setup for Simpson's paradox — the case where every segment moves one way and the total moves the other.